Theory of Pre-Classical Approach of Management. Even though most of the discussions on evolution of management thoughts start with the classical approach, we have acknowledged briefly the contributions of some of the contributors of the pre-classical management thought in Table 2.1 to enable a better appreciation of the process of development. Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables (c. 449 BC), to the Corpus Juris Civilis (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I.Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously. Keywords: classical approach, neoclassical approach, management. Introduction Classical approach to management is a set of homogeneous ideas on the management of organizations that evolved in the late 19 th century and early 20 century. This perspective emerges from the industrial revolution and centers on theories of efficiency. 2) Genre may also be at play. Narratives of pre-classical prophets may capture different aspects than do the writings of the classical prophets. 3) Furthermore, there were aspects of continuity/similarity between the pre-classical and classical prophets. A) Both the pre-classical and the classical prophets had 'ecstatic' behavior. Classical organization theory school, the behavioral school, and the management science school. Although these schools, or theoretical approaches, developed historical sequence, later ideas have not replaced earlier ones. Instead, each new school has tended to complement.
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Evolution of Management Thought : Chapter 2
The Industrial Revolution provided the impetus for developing various management theories and principles. Preclassical theorists like Robert Owen, Charles Babbage, Andrew Ure, Charles Dupin, and Henry R. Towne made some initial contributions that eventually led to the identification of management as an important field of inquiry. This led to the emergence of approaches to management: classical, behavioral, quantitative and modern. The classical management approach had three major branches: scientific management, administrative theory and bureaucratic management. Scientific management emphasized the scientific study of work methods to improve worker efficiency. Bureaucratic management dealt with the characteristics of an ideal organization, which operates on a rational basis. Administrative theory explored principles that could be used by managers to coordinate the internal activities of organizations. The behavioral approach emerged primarily as an outcome of the Hawthorne studies. Mary Parker Follet, Elton Mayo and his associates, Abraham Maslow, Douglas McGregor and Chris Argyris were the major contributors to this school. |
They emphasized the importance of the human element which was ignored by classical theorists in the management of organizations. They formulated theories that centered on the behavior of employees in organizations. These theories could easily be applied to the management of organizations.The quantitative approach to management focuses on the use of mathematical tools to support managerial decision-making. The systems theory looks at organizations as a set of interrelated parts.
According to the contingency theory, managerial action depends on the particular parameters of a given situation. One important emerging approach to management thought is Theory Z. This approach combines the positive aspects of American and Japanese management styles. All these views on management have contributed significantly to the development of management thought.
Chapter 2 : Overview
Early Approaches to Management
Contributions of Robert Owen
Charles Babbage
Andrew Ure and Charles Dupin
Henry Robinson Towne
Assessing Preclassical Contributions
Classical Approach
Scientific Management
Administrative Theory
Bureaucratic Management
Behavioral Approach
Contributions of Mary Parker Follet
Elton Mayo
Abraham Maslow
Douglas McGregor
Chris Argyris
Quantitative Approach Early Approaches to Management
Contributions of Robert Owen
Charles Babbage
Andrew Ure and Charles Dupin
Henry Robinson Towne
Assessing Preclassical Contributions
Classical Approach
Scientific Management
Administrative Theory
Bureaucratic Management
Behavioral Approach
Contributions of Mary Parker Follet
Elton Mayo
Abraham Maslow
Douglas McGregor
Chris Argyris
Quantitative Approach
Management Science
Operations Management
Management Information Systems
Modern Approaches to Management
Systems Theory
Contingency Theory
Emerging Approaches in Management Thought
Management Science
Operations Management
Management Information Systems
Modern Approaches to Management
Systems Theory
Contingency Theory
Emerging Approaches in Management Thought
1. Management: An Overview |
13. Performance Appraisal and Career Strategy |
The Pre-Socratic period of the Ancient era of philosophy refers to Greek philosophers active before Socrates, or contemporaries of Socrates who expounded on earlier knowledge.
They include the following major philosophers:
| Thales of Miletos (c. 624 - 546 B.C.) Greek Anaximander (c. 610 - 546 B.C.) Greek Anaximenes (c. 585 - 525 B.C.) Greek Pythagoras (c. 570 - 490 B.C.) Greek Heraclitus (c. 535 - 475 B.C.) Greek Parmenides of Elea (c. 515 - 450 B.C.) Greek | Anaxagoras (c. 500 - 428 B.C.) Greek Empedocles (c. 490 - 430 B.C.) Greek Zeno of Elea (c. 490 - 430 B.C.) Greek Protagoras (c. 490 - 420 B.C.) Greek Gorgias (c. 487 - 376 B.C.) Greek Democritus (c. 460 - 370 B.C.) Greek |
Pre Classical Contributors Pdf Book
Generally speaking, all that remains of their works are a few textual fragments and the quotations of later philosophers and historians.
Pre Classical Contributors Pdf Book
The Pre-Socratic philosophers rejected traditional mythological explanations for the phenomena they saw around them in favor of more rational explanations. They started to ask questions like where did everything come from, and why is there such variety, and how can nature be described mathematically? They tended to look for universal principles to explain the whole of Nature. Although they are arguably more important for the questions they asked than the answers they arrived at, the problems and paradoxes they identified became the basis for later mathematical, scientific and philosophic study.
Important movements of the period include the Milesian School, the Eleatic School, the Ephesian School, Pluralism, Pythagoreanism, Sophism and Atomism.